Isolation

It is not a stretch, nor a surprise, to say that when you are in Antarctica you can develop a feeling of being isolated. There are different levels to which you are isolated but in every case it is very different from when you are at home and have full access to the internet, television, radio, phone, friends, and family. My first trip to Antarctica was with limited internet connective but before web browsers. For example, there were a few text-based sources of information. I can remember that McMurdo Station had a method to access the AP newswire allowing us to follow the news in the United States. The two noteworthy items that I remember following through the newsfeed were the Northridge, California earthquake and the Tanya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan drama leading up to the Lillehammer Olympics. Beyond that newsfeed, I also remember having countless email exchanges with friends and those friends keeping me up to date on the latest events. In particular, there was an extreme cold outbreak in the upper midwest that year and I had friends and family living in temperatures 30-40F colder than what I experiencing in Antarctica. The most extreme isolation I have experienced was my four weeks at Summit Camp on the Greenland ice cap, which was about six months after my initial Antarctic experience. For that trip there were 22 of us with minimal to no contact with the outside world for the four weeks I was there. There were no planes in or out. The only source of news came from one person at the camp who would tune in to the BBC using ham radio. This was when OJ Simpson, the Ford Bronco chase, and the events following his arrest were consuming the news. All of those news stories remain fairly unknown to me because I learned about them six weeks later.

Fast forward to my current trip and things are different and yet they are also the same in being in a far more isolated experience than when I am at home. We have what is best referred to as limited internet access. There is full internet access, however most of the time it is extremely slow and is often not worth the effort. For example, I can go on facebook about once a day or so but scrolling through posts for more than 30 seconds is oftentimes painfully slow. Keeping up with local and national news sites is a similar experience and fairly limiting. Because facebook is so slow, sending messages to friends through facebook has mixed results. There were a couple days where I gave up trying, and other days it has not been so bad. Email connectivity is great. However, I have realized something lately, especially over the last few weeks, we don't email much between friends anymore. Even in my trip to Africa six years ago, it was oftentimes the email updates from friends, especially when they included quick summaries on some of the latest events in the lives of my friends and family, that was appreciated the most. I feel this is another example of how facebook is tremendous in connecting us more closely with distant and rarely seen friends, yet I frequently wonder what it has done with close friendships. Lastly, there is iMessage. They do not allow mobile devices (phones, iPads, etc.) on the internet network. Yet, I can use iMessage and communicate with people who have an iPhone. This has been helpful. There are a few friends that I've had an occasional iMessage chat and that allowed things to feel a little more normal. Oddly enough, there is free local calling to the Denver area from McMurdo (the primary support contractor is based in Denver), yet it has gotten to the point where I rarely talk with friends on the phone, although I am not real excited about that development either. All of this is going to go to another level when I go to West Antarctica. I am anticipating that experience will be more like Summit Camp in Greenland, with little to no connection to the outside world. I have been told I'll have limited email access through a USAP email account.

This feeling of being isolated from family, friends, and the news of the day has been highlighted over the last several days with the attacks in Paris. I know the very basics of what happened and I know there has been a huge rally of support. However, the details of the attacks and the nuances of the debates that are being had amongst people is all foreign to me. It is this feeling of isolation that is one of the biggest challenges I face when I do field work in Antarctica. That feeling of being out of touch with family and friends and not knowing the details of their lives slowly wears on me. Please, do not hesitate to pass along any information that you have, interesting or not, to me during my remaining time in Antarctica.

I have reached the approximate half-way point in my time on the ice. I have been here for four weeks and I am scheduled to head north in four weeks. The next few days to a week will be very interesting as we are both on edge in terms of the weather and logistics for our move to West Antarctica. Most of our cargo, including sleep kits, are in the cargo system for the flight to WAIS Camp. We could be traveling in two days or it could be over a week. At this point, it is rather difficult to plan our events over the upcoming days. Today was also our fifth day in a row where we were scheduled to fly by twin otter to one of two AWS sites and the flights were cancelled because of bad weather at both sites. The weather is looking even more uncertain the next 2-3 days.

Ground Blizzard

On Saturday, we had another visit to do work on an AWS site. The site was Linda AWS, which is located about 40 miles to the southeast of McMurdo Station on the Ross Ice Shelf. The work to be done was to raise the station, similar to what I described in an earlier post for Ferrell AWS. The flight was by a Kiwi (New Zealand) helicopter. The New Zealand base (Scott Base) is about 3 km from McMurdo. Their helicopter operations are based out of McMurdo and their helos are used by the US Antarctic Program when not being used by the Antarctic New Zealand program. The flight to Linda AWS was fairly routine and it took about a half hour. While flying we could see blowing snow on the surface and that it was likely very windy.

When we got out of the helicopter the wind speed was measured at about 20-23 mph and the temperature was 3F. The snow was blowing at the surface. These were much different conditions than what we had the last two days out in the field where the wind was basically calm. One of the big advantages of having calm to light winds is you don't have to worry about blowing snow. The tool bags, orange duffel bags, and other equipment are quickly filled with snow as the wind finds any cracks and openings. The annoying part is that once the snow gets in, then things get wet and staying warm is much more difficult when things are wet. Whenever you are placed in the field, without the helicopter/airplane staying with on site, you are required to have a "survival bag", VHF radio for local radio comms, and a satellite phone. The survival bag is a large duffel bag with a tent, two sleeping bags, food, and other supplies to live for three days in the field. Before the helicopter departs, we are supposed to establish radio communication with the helicopter and Mac Ops (the radio operations center in McMurdo). It took awhile to establish the radio comms, but once we did communicate with Mac Ops, the helicopter left and it was time to start the field work.

Linda AWS shortly after we arrived. The blowing snow at the surface can be seen with the "fuzzy" conditions near the ground. The solar panel had become unattached during the past year and was hanging by the cable.

The first decision that was made was that there was no need to raise the AWS equipment. The current site had the wind instrument 10 feet above the surface and that is still at a reasonable height. This was also a good thing because adding an additional 7 foot tower section in 20+ mph winds would have been challenging. We also needed to do some maintenance work in remounting the solar panel, which had become undone since the last visit, and to troubleshoot a problem with the pressure sensor. After working for about an hour, we realized that the winds had increased. The winds were now about 30 mph and the depth of the blowing snow had increased substantially. When we landed we were able to see the landmarks Minna Bluff and White Island in the distance. Those sites were no longer able to be seen. Without the necessary time for the station raise, the work that we had finished, and the deteriorating conditions, we decided it would be wise to radio Mac Ops and request that the helicopter return early to pick us up. Besides, the 30 mph winds were making doing anything to the AWS very difficult. 30 minutes later we heard back from Mac Ops and the Kiwi helicopter would soon be launching to pick us up.

Dave calling to Mac Ops using the VHF radio requesting that the helicopter pick us up earlier than planned.

While waiting for the helicopter, the decision was made to do some small tasks to make things a little safer. The winds were now 30-32 mph with gusts to 35. We collected all of the gear and bags together to ensure that if the conditions got worse we would still be able to find everything. This was especially true with the survival bag. We then piled all of the gear into a wall to serve as a wind barrier. I figured since we'd be waiting for awhile, there was no reason to stand around in the wind. Such a strong wind can oftentimes cut through your clothing and is not the best condition to stand around in if you can avoid it. The pile of gear made a great wind barrier and we settled down by sitting on the snow, out of the wind, waiting for the helicopter.

Looking downwind as the survival bag about 100 feet from the AWS. The survival bag was where the helicopter landed to drop us off for the work on Linda AWS.

Dave waiting behind the wind barrier as we waited for the helicopter to pick us up after serving Linda AWS. Notice the depth of the blowing snow as well as the limited horizontal visibility.

There was one other time where I was dropped off by a helicopter and the conditions deteriorated from a perfect day to light snow. Shortly after we were picked up the helicopter pilot said another 30 minutes and we might not have been picked up and we would have had to use the survival bag. Given the poor conditions that we were experiencing on Saturday, the thought of the helicopter not being able to pick us up was real. It is hard to say what the visibility was because there were no landmarks to see, except for 10+ miles away, which were definitely not visible. I would estimate the visibility at the surface was around 100-200 m. However, this was a ground blizzard caused by blowing snow at the surface. Above the surface, it was blue skies. The key is that the helicopter pilot needs to be able to make out the horizon and roughly identify the surface. The same Kiwi pilot that dropped us off is the pilot that came to pick us up, which means he knew exactly where we were and what we looked like. Fortunately, there were no problems with the helicopter landing. The helicopter landed, kept the blades running, and we broke down our wind barrier and loaded everything into the helicopter. I was amused that before the pilot got back into this seat, he took out his camera to get a few photos. Naturally, I had even more respect for the pilot as he clearly realized this was some great weather and it was worthy to capture in pictures. In the end, we were on the ground for about an hour and a half after we called Mac Ops to send the helicopter. Once back in the air it was a fairly routine flight back to McMurdo.

Picture of the horizon during the ground blizzard at Linda AWS. The discernible surface at the center of the picture is the result of the wake zone due to my wind block. Similarly, the line on the left side of the picture is the downwind calm zone from the wind barrier.

One of the upsides to this experience is that the winds that I experienced can be loosely defined as a part of the Ross Ice Shelf air stream, or the RAS. My PhD dissertation was an observation and modeling study of the RAS. I now have firsthand experience of what I studied for years while working on my PhD. From my research, I also know that what I experienced is very tame, especially in comparison to the conditions during the winter months.

Field Plans

Plans are frequently made to get out into the field. The reality of whether or not those plans are met is often a far different story. A great example of this is the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide deep field camp. The WAIS Divide camp has been in existence for over 10 years. The primary purpose of the camp was an ice core drilling project it was recently completed. There are a few more science projects that will work out of the WAIS Divide camp this year and the camp staff will also focus on transporting the current cargo and camp facilities back to McMurdo. WAIS Divide, and West Antarctica overall, has a long tradition of being difficult to fly into and out of during the summer season. The WAIS Divide camp staff is about 16 members. The initial group of that staff was supposed to have their initial camp put-in on October 30th to start the season at WAIS. They are still in McMurdo. Most of the delays have been weather delays where the flight was cancelled right away in the morning. After about five days, they took off on a flight and then returned an hour later because one of the plane's engine's stopped working. Overall, the camp staff was handling things very well. After the mechanical boomerang last Wednesday they were still in good spirits. I think they really hoped to make it out this past Monday, two days ago. After that cancellation they were showing the signs of the wear. It can be difficult to wake up every morning for two weeks and think you are leaving for 2-3 months. Last night (Tuesday, local time) they got on another flight and this one made it to WAIS Divide, only to boomerang because the weather was not good enough to land. If they get out on Thursday, that will be 14 days of delays. The camp last year had 10 days of delay for the initial camp put-in and they still had a very successful season.

The WAIS story is very close to home for our project. We were originally scheduled to fly to WAIS sometime between November 16th and the 21st. This afternoon we met with our point-of-contact and concluded that the earliest we will be flying to WAIS is the 23rd. However, there is no reason to make definitive plans on that date until the camp staff has their initial put-in and have been able to work for a few days. There is likely no updates to our status until at least Tuesday. At that time we'll visit with our point of contact again and see if there is any more certainty to our schedule. At this point, it appears that our overall time at WAIS will be reduced but we still have high hopes for the work that we will be able to get done.

The next three days are looking busy in the field. We are scheduled as the primary, backup #1, and backup #2 for the Twin Otter with three locations to choose from across the Ross Ice Shelf. With three locations the hope is that we'll be able to find good weather for at least one the AWS sites. On Friday, we are scheduled for helicopter flight and then another Twin Otter flight on Saturday. Naturally, all of this is weather dependent. If it goes well, it might be a great three days in the field.

Spring in Antarctica

I made it out into the field again on Monday. This time it was a helicopter flight to Ferrell AWS. The goal for this visit was to "raise" the AWS equipment. There is approximately 12" of accumulating snow at most locations across the Ross Ice Shelf. The means each year the tower and equipment gets progressively closer to the surface. To raise the AWS we remove all of the instruments and hardware, add a new tower section onto the current tower section, and then place the instruments and hardware back on the tower. The time for an AWS raise can be as long as, and some times longer, than a new install because of the additional work required to initial remove the instruments and hardware. We were able to have a spectacular day out in the field. The temperature was 5F and more importantly there was no wind. 5F may not sound real warm but it can be very reasonable, and sometimes a little warm, without the wind, wearing the right clothing, and keeping moving by always working. We were at the AWS site for about three hours and 45 minutes. On Monday we did not have "close support", which means the helicopter dropped us off and then came back to pick us up after we finished. Monday was the fourth of five work days in a row in the field.

The condition of Ferrell AWS when we arrived. Notice the height of the AWS. There is approximately 12" of accumulation each year and the AWS slowly gets buried requiring a "raise".

Hero shot at Ferrell AWS with Mount Terror, on Ross Island, in the background. Notice the change in height of the AWS as the tower section was added and the instruments and hardware were moved to the top.

Dave calling in on the radio to Mac Ops to let them know that we were finished and ready to be picked up by the helicopter.

A-Star helicopter coming in for a landing to pick us up at Ferrell AWS. This was a "hot" drop-off and pick-up where the helicopter blades continued to spin as we unloaded and then loaded the helicopter.

I have been in McMurdo for almost exactly three weeks. It has been quite amazing to see how much things have changed during those three weeks. The sun is now noticeably higher throughout the day and especially late at night. The sun that set for the last time three weeks ago now never comes close to the horizon. The temperatures have also warmed with temperatures in the teens and 20s over the last few days. Most of McMurdo is volcanic rock that was generally snow covered during the first two weeks. In the last week the sun has been melting the snow and the brown of McMurdo has emerged. The population also continues to increase. When we arrived there were 660 people in town. The last post I saw indicated around 950 people are now living here. There is no doubt that things will continue to change until I leave in mid-December and the peak summer is reached during the month of January.

A closer-in photo of McMurdo Station from the helicopter on the White Island AWS trip last week. Notice the amount of snow on the ground around McMurdo. A fair amount of that snow has melted in the last few days. The next time I get an opportunity I'll post a picture of the more thawed out McMurdo Station.

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Getting Busy

The field season is starting to get busy with actual time spent in the field. In addition to Wednesday's helo visit to White Island, we had a Twin Otter flight back to Cape Hallett on Friday and a Twin Otter visit to AWS sites Vito and Emilia on Saturday. You might recall in my last post I had commented that the weather forecast model was predicting a reasonably significant storm for the weekend. It was not until late Thursday night, as I was seeing the storm fizzle in the forecast model, that I realized we might get out on Friday. I was still confident enough that part of the storm would remain that I was doubtful that we'd get out on Saturday. In fact, I convinced some colleagues to stay up late playing cards Friday night under the premise that we'd probably not fly. I was wrong once again. In both of these cases, I'll be happy to be wrong if it involves getting out into the field to repair one of the weather stations.

Looking towards Mount Erebus, the predominant peak on Ross Island, at the start of the flight to Cape Hallett.

On Friday we had the return visit to Cape Hallett AWS. We had visited Cape Hallett a week earlier and when we got back to the office we learned that the transmission by satellite phone was not working as we had hoped. A fair amount of time was spent during the week and a half in between visits to learn, test, and troubleshoot the operation of the modem that was being installed at Cape Hallett AWS. This time we installed a modem that has the capability to update the datalogger program remotely, hopefully avoiding a return trip if some other problem would emerge. The Twin Otter flight to Cape Hallett was another outstanding flight along the Transantarctic Mountains. The Twin Otter landed further away from the weather station, requiring a longer walk, but we didn't mind as the weather was very nice (about 14F) and light winds. We installed the new modem, updated the datalogger program, and verified the transmission by calling a colleague back in Madison. Everything was working as we had hoped and we were free to spend some time enjoying the sights and the Adelie penguin colony at Cape Hallett. Whenever we have available seats and weight on our flights, we are generally asked to bring some "boondogglers" along for the ride. The boondoggler program is in place as a reward for the contract workers who are performing well and it gives them a chance to get out of McMurdo. On this flight we had three boondogglers and they received an extremely special flight and visit. Oftentimes, we have work, such as digging snow, for the boondogglers to do. This time we did not and they were simply able to enjoy the visit. On the walk back to the Twin Otter we were given a bonus as one of the penguins escorted us back to the plane.

Some sea ice formations near Cape Hallett.

The Adelie penguin colony at Cape Hallett. This picture can be compared to some of the pictures from the earlier post on Cape Hallett. The number of penguins dramatically increased during the week and a half between visits.

Three penguins sitting and lying on their nest made of rocks. Also, notice the large number of penguins on the hillside in the background.

A line of penguins at Cape Hallett.

Hero shot in front of the Cape Hallett AWS with the penguin colony in the background.

As we were walking back to the Twin Otter we turned around and discovered a follower.

When we initially stopped, the penguin escorting us back to the Twin Otter stopped as well. When we stopped a second time to take more pictures of our little friend, the penguin kept on going right by us.

Sometimes the penguins slide on their belly and can move faster than walking.

The penguin escorted us all of the way back to the Twin Otter. Unfortunately, our little friend didn't hop on board to fly back with us.

Instead, the penguin stuck around for a few minutes and then took off walking in another direction.

The flight on Saturday was a little more complicated. Originally, we were scheduled as the second backup for a flight to Elaine AWS, on the southern Ross Ice Shelf. After a two hour weather delay, it was concluded that site, as well as the primary and first backups sites, had poor enough weather to cancel those trips. Instead the Fixed Wing Ops proposed we go to one of the AWS sites only about 140 miles from McMurdo. That morning we had received the necessary cargo allowing us to make the trip and we agreed. There are two sites within 60 miles of each other on the Ross Ice Shelf, both required only relatively quick maintenance visits, so we decided to visit both. The repair went well. We replaced the aerovane (wind measurement system) at Emilia AWS and tried to fix a transmission problem at Vito AWS. We were not able to fix the transmission problem so we removed the datalogger electronics and brought it back to the lab to test and troubleshoot. If all goes well, we will install the datalogger electronics on another trip out on the Ross Ice Shelf.

The AWS sites on the Ross Ice Shelf are dramatically different than the scenery at Cape Hallett. Every direction that you look you see flat white ice and snow. This is what most of Antarctica looks like.

Generally, if I go days between posts, it either means things are really slow and I have nothing to say or things are super busy and I don't have time to write. Immediately after getting back from Saturday's flight, I left to go o the dorm to do badly needed laundry and a shower. I tried to keep a relatively quiet Sunday to give me chance to slow down and recover. There is a chance for another busy week. We will be going on another helo flight in about an hour and there is a chance for another 2-3 flights later this week.

Lastly, the weather has improved dramatically. We not only made double-digits for the first time yesterday but it also made it past 20F. The winds have also died down which makes a big difference.

First Helo Visit - White Island

Today was our first field visit to an AWS site by helicopter. However, it was not our first helo flight. Today was our fourth attempt to visit White Island AWS. On Saturday we were scheduled to go but the pilot looked at White Island, saw that it was encased in clouds, and scrubbed the flight. We were scheduled to fly again on Monday but helo operations for the entire day were cancelled due to bad weather in McMurdo. On Tuesday, we were finally able to get in a helicopter and headed to White Island. As we got close to White Island, we were able to see that the top of the island, where the AWS is located, was covered in clouds. We turned around and flew back to McMurdo without landing at the site. There was another weather delay this morning. When the helo operations resumed they called and asked us to go on a flight to Black Island, where they were transporting a utility worker, and then we'd go onto White Island. We ended up leaving almost exactly at our originally scheduled departure time. Schedules and delays like this are fairly common for field work in Antarctica. You are always dependent on the ever changing weather and when you are provided an opportunity to go, you take it.

Helicopter landing at the top of White Island. The helicopter shut down and waited for us to complete our work.

Dave standing next to White Island AWS and waiting a few minutes to warm up before doing more work on the AWS.

Black Island and White Island are two islands immediately to the south of Ross Island, all of which are on the northwest corner of the Ross Ice Shelf. Black Island is a communications base for McMurdo and oftentimes has a few people running the operations. White Island is a little more removed from the USAP operations. The weather station on top of the island is also used as a repeater to communicate observations from nearby weather stations back to McMurdo. It took until my second season in Antarctica to realize that White Island is predominantly white and Black Island is predominantly black.

The surface of Black Island (top) is predominantly black. The surface of White Island (bottom) is mostly white, especially when viewed from a distance.

Clearly, the weather has been fairly intense here the last few days. The temperatures have generally been in the -5F to -10F range with strong easterly winds. There was some falling and blowing snow last night that obstructed the visibility down to about 1/4 mile. There was some question as to what we'd experience when we arrived at White Island. The AWS was reporting moderate winds at about 5-10 mph but the report when we landed at Black Island was that their winds were about 45 mph. Initially, when we landed at White Island, the winds were reasonable at around 10 mph and the temp was -12F. Within 20 minutes the winds were up to 25-30 mph and it was very cold. I recorded one gust to 35 mph with my handheld weather station. By the time we left, about 45 minutes later, the temperature dropped to -16F. That visit made it easily the coldest temperatures I have ever experienced when serving or installing an AWS. I wouldn't be surprised if I experience colder than that later on this field season, especially in West Antarctica.

Dave and I also presented at the weekly science lecture held in the Crary Lab library this evening. Our presentation was titled: "Telling Antarctic Meteorology Stories - From Observations to Modeling". Dave covered some of the history of the AWS program as well as some of the recent climatology work that they have been doing. I transitioned the presentation into sharing some about atmospheric computer models and a modeling study that we've been working on at CU involving changes in the atmospheric circulation in the Amundsen Sea region. The presentation seemed to go well. Talking about Antarctic meteorology is sort of a fun thing for me.

Giving the Wednesday Science Lecture: "Telling Antarctic Meteorology Stories from Observations to Modeling".

We are on back-up (we fly if the other scheduled flights can't because of weather) to fly back to Cape Hallett tomorrow. I am not expecting us to make the flight (we've been on back-up most every day this past week). There have been rumors of a big storm for McMurdo on Friday. I am a little hesitant on forecasts for Antarctica that are made more than a couple days ahead of time. We'll see.... the weather until then looks good.

Weekends in McMurdo

Weekends in McMurdo are very short. It is a 6-day work week and for most of the contract workers, they are 10-hour days (scientists are on their own schedule/days/hours). The weekend is then from Saturday evening through all day Sunday. With such a concentrated weekend there are often slight changes to the schedule and rules. For example, wine and beer are allowed in the galley (dining hall) for dinner on Saturday. There are two bars in McMurdo and the bars are open later (midnight) on Saturday nights. Instead of breakfast served from 4:30-7:30AM and lunch from 11:00AM-1:00PM there is a single extended brunch from 10:00AM-1:00PM. For many people, brunch on Sunday is their favorite meal and it is often the one that has the greatest variety and preferred options.

Different serving lines in the Galley for Sunday brunch.

Eating, hanging out and talking with friends during Sunday brunch in the Galley.

With only one-day weekends, as well as being fairly physically confined during the work week, effort is made each weekend to get people out and doing things. Oftentimes, there are special annual traditions that happen throughout the year on Sundays. For example, there is "Ice Stock" each year, which is a Sunday filled with outdoor music performances done by people living in McMurdo. There is also an annual 5K-ish race in January. However, since this is my first time down so early in the field season, I am not real certain as to the activities that happen at this time of the year. There was a station-wide Halloween party this past Saturday night at the Big Gym. I went to the Halloween party for about an hour and a half with some friends. The costumes were a mixture of creative ideas put together from unclaimed clothing and cardboard boxes to some costumes that were fairly elaborate and brought down for this one night.

The entrance to the Big Gym for Saturday night's Halloween party.

Inside the gym at the Halloween party.

Beyond the special events, every Sunday also includes a range of social and recreation activities available to people. The Chapel of Snows is in McMurdo and it holds a non-denominational service every Sunday morning. There is the Ross Island Trail System, which includes about a half-dozen hikes ranging from one mile to 10 miles. You have to attend a safety lecture (once a year), file a hiking plan, and carry a radio with you on the longer hikes. There are also often special hikes or tours that are available on Sundays. Lastly, about 2 miles away from McMurdo is Scott Base, the New Zealand Antarctic station. Scott Base is a fraction of the size of McMurdo, with approximately 85 people in the summer. One of the only things that USAP participants can do, without an invite, is to go to the Scott Base store. As a part of my Sunday afternoon, I stopped in at the store yesterday.

Chapel of the Snows

Walking into the store at Scott Base.

Another weekly Sunday activity is the Sunday Science Lecture that is held in the Galley. The Sunday Science Lecture is designed to share some of the details and results of the active science projects with the larger community. The lecture last night was on a robotic exploration that is being done beneath the Ross Ice Shelf searching for different forms of life. The efforts that are being done here will be used as a model for possible future efforts in the Solar System, including Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. In addition to the Sunday lecture, there is a Wednesday science lecture that is more focused at the scientific community. Dave and I will be presenting "Telling Antarctic Meteorology Stories: From Observations to Modeling" at this Wednesday's science lecture.

Sunday evening science lecture in the Galley.

Lastly, the temperatures have remained in the range of -5F to +9F. We have not reached double-digits yet. We had a helicopter flight on Saturday cancelled due to low clouds at the site, White Island. Today, all flight operations (helicopter and fixed wing) were cancelled due to overcast, light snow, and windy conditions in the area.